Nicolas Poussin The Arcadian Shepherds free essay sample

Breaks down ornate work of art by seventeenth Cent. French craftsman. Takes a gander at the topic, style, shading, light and iconography. This paper will give a visual examination of The Arcadian Shepherds, a composition by Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665). The subject of this examination is the principal adaptation of the work, painted by Poussin in the late 1620s. In spite of the fact that Poussin was principally known for his utilization of the old style, this early work shows the impacts of both the extravagant style and the Venetian school, which was driven by Titian. As per de la Croix and Tansey, Poussin was a key figure in building up the traditional style in French canvas, a style noted for its levelheaded request and stability.1 Wilkin claims that Poussins work speaks to the High Art of the old style, in that it presents raised and learned topics with incredible conventional meticulousness and careful summoning of the antique.2 what's more, Wilkin brings up that Poussins. We will compose a custom exposition test on Nicolas Poussin The Arcadian Shepherds or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page .

International Marketing Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Worldwide Marketing Argumentative Essay IntroductionIn this task, I will imagine an item, analyze all the natural viewpoints encompassing it and relate them to the small scale and large scale conditions. I will at that point do a SWOT examination and an ecological investigation and afterward make various inferences and proposals for my nonexistent organization. My productI have decided to concoct an item for which there is by all accounts a market, or possibly, there is no comparative existing item. It is an ordinary turn clothesline, yet with an extra component. It will be able to keep garments dry when it begins to rain. This is accomplished by the water sensors, which are incorporated into the plan. They at that point initiate an umbrella like spread that shields the garments from the downpour. Showcasing Environmental AnalysisThe promoting condition comprises of a Microenvironment and a Macroenvironment. The microenvironment manages interior elements, which could influence the companys capacity to support its market, for example, contenders, providers, merchants and buyers. The macroenvironment are those elements, which are outside the control of the organization. They incorporate social, social, political, financial and innovative changes. They fluctuate continually, regularly with no consistency. Basically, it is these progressions that can make the most huge dangers and openings a businessThe Micro-EnvironmentCompetition The No Worries clothesline is a unique item, which individuals will definitely duplicate after some time, making rivalry something to stress over in the following 5 years. Contenders will make a significant danger business. They can rival costs making it progressively appealing to the client to shop at their outlet. They can make their rendition of the item progressively alluring, i.e., more highlights. From research completed from past assignments, I have found that shoppers need quality incentive for cash and will manufacture a solid reliability to the individuals who give it. CustomersI comprehend my organization should be client centered, as we are a showcasing orientated organization. I should make an understood choice about the kind of client that I wish to focus with my battle. I should do some handle investigation into what my market requires or likes and how I can meet those prerequisites or needs. Principally however, I can foresee that my objective market will be moderately aged ladies, perhaps housewives and potentially the individuals who work. I will stand by to perceive what my examination uncovers. DistributorsIt is basic to know where the client is and will be so as to appropriate successfully. My dispersion channel must completion where the shopper is and present it in the most ideal manner. It is essential to flexibly enough to satisfy needs. Utilizing figures will do this. As a little organization beginning, I should select and autonomous merchant for money related reasons. SuppliersIt is significant that providers disperse on schedule. My organization will utilize the Just in Time strategy for creation, to save money on extra room. It must be a pre-imperative of the agreement with the provider that the conveyances must show up on schedule. Supplies for the assembling of the clothesline must be deliberately checked to guarantee we dont run out. Being another item, it is significant it is accessible the entirety of the time in the initial scarcely any months to attempt to catch a portion of the market inside that time The MacroenvironmentSocial ForcesSocial impacts which incorporate populaces, ways of life, mentalities, qualities and convictions and financial class may influence my item since society is changing to turn out to be progressively surged and individuals possess less energy for family tasks. No Worries clothesline will imply that individuals can go out without agonizing over whether it will rain and their new clothing will get wet once more. My organization could influence the locale, in that more individuals from that region are being utilized. Robert Johnson EssayOnce all the pertinent data has been ordered, my organization would assemble a database of this data. This would empower us to deliver conjectures, and situations to assist us with vital dynamic. Advantages of ecological checking are better dynamic, better broad familiarity with and responsiveness to natural change, improved market investigation, and improved asset assignment and broadening decisionsRecommendationsI suggest, as referenced over, that a nearby watch is kept on my condition to empower the business to be increasingly effective and progressively beneficial and have the option to upgrade openings that are introduced. I will target moderately aged ladies. It is notable by the media that ladies shop when they are exhausted or discouraged and they purchase extravagance things. This is the reason organizations so extensively target them. I will publicize where they are well on the way to see it, outside stores, strip malls and for the most part puts where it will be on special. I am pointing principally to raise open consciousness of my productI accept that I should utilize entrance evaluating to begin with. This would allure possible clients to buy my item, and once they understand it is a solid and dependable bit of assembling, they will return, and I will pick up client unwaveringness. I suggest that the Flow technique for creation ought to be utilized. This will be quick and financially savvy, guaranteeing most extreme yield at least expense. I will base my advancement systems inside the UK as a result of occasional elements, for example, downpour. I likewise suggest firmly that my item be overhauled each year to stay aware of innovation and to keep shopper intrigue alive. It gives old clients motivation to purchase another clothesline and new ones motivation to begin purchasing our clotheslines. I will investigate a patent for my item. In the event that this were viewed as a smart thought, it would dispose of a great deal of the dangers to my innovation. This paper is the property of MyTermPapers.com Copyright 1999-2001

The Briley Brothers Killing Spree

The Briley Brothers Killing Spree In 1979, Brothers Linwood Briley, James Briley Jr., and Ray Briley went on a seven-monthâ killing spreeâ in their old neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia. At the point when they were at last gotten, there were 11 individuals dead, in spite of the fact that examiners accepted that there were as 20 casualties. Youth Years James and Bertha Briley were a persevering couple when their first youngster, Linwood Earl Briley, was conceived in 1995. Their second kid, James Dyral Briley, Jr. was brought into the world around year and a half later followed by their most youthful and last youngster, Anthony Ray Briley. From the outside glancing in, the Briley family appeared to be balanced and glad. They lived in a pleasant two-story home situated on Fourth Avenue in downtown Richmond. In contrast to a ton of children their age, the Briley young men originated from a whole home where the two guardians were straightforwardly associated with their lives. Assistance During their preteen years, the young men would assist a portion of their senior neighbors by watching out for their yards or help start a car. The general agreement around the area was that the siblings were respectful, useful and all around great children. That equivalent conclusion was not shared by their classmates. At school, the siblings badgering and tormented different children. The siblings appeared to be unconcerned towards grown-up power and would tend to ignoreâ whatever the punishmentâ was that was passed out by an instructor or the standard. Be that as it may, when they returned home, their dad James Sr., was unmistakably the one in control and figured out how to summon a degree of dread in his children. Bertha Moves Awayâ The Briley siblings had two significant interests. They delighted in gathering colorful creepy crawlies and snakes like tarantulas, piranhas, and boa constrictors and they constantly cut and spared news anecdotes about posse activity.â At the point when the young men arrived at their high school years, Bertha and James split up and she moved away. The split was apparentlyâ amicableâ and without dramatization. It was additionally during this time James Sr. was overloaded with developing worries about how Linwood was acting and the impact he had over different young men. He built up a feeling of dread of his children. Stressed for his own safety,â he started bolting his room entryway around evening time from within with a deadbolt.â Orline Christian On January 28, 1971, Linwood Briley was 16 years of age and home alone, when he saw his neighbor,â 57-year-old Orline Christian, outside hanging up her clothing. For no evident explanation, Linwood got a rifle from the storage room, pointed it out his second-floor room window towards Christian, and pulled the trigger,â fatally shooting Christian. Some way or another nobody saw that she had a gunfire twisted in her back and it was expected that pressure prompted her passing in the wake of having as of late covered her significant other. At that point during a survey her body, a portion of her family members saw a spot of blood on her dress. Inquisitive with respect to why the family requested a subsequent assessment. It was during the second assessment that a projectile was found held up in her back and a homicide examination was opened. An examination of the homicide scene drove the police directly to Linwoods room window. A pursuit of the house created the homicide weapon. With the strong proof gazing him in the face, Linwood admitted to the murder. In a level, apathetic voice, the 16-year old said to the detective: I heard she had heart issues, she would have kicked the bucket soon at any rate. Linwood was seen as blameworthy and condemned to one year in change school. The Murder Spree Begins In March 1979, the Briley group had an arrangement to do a progression of irregular robberies and home attacks. The arrangement was that the gathering would get in and out quick and not leave any observers alive. William and Virginia Bucher Walk 12, 1979-The Briley group went to Henrico County and arbitrarily chose theâ home of William and Virginia Bucher. Linwood thumped on the Buchers entryway, and when William addressed it Linwood asserted that he experienced vehicle difficulty and expected to get a telephone to consider Triple A. Williams said he would decide and approached Linwood for his Triple-A card, however when he opened the screen entryway to get the card, Linwood hurried towards him and constrained his way into the house. The remainder of the group followed behind Linwood and they assumed responsibility for William and Virginia and tied them up in discrete rooms. They at that point experienced each room and took any important that they needed and soaked the rooms with lamp oil. At the point when they were done taking what they needed, Linwood poured lamp fuel all over Williams legs, at that point lit a match as he was going out. The Buchers were left tied up inside to consume to death alive. By one way or another William Bucher figured out how to unfasten himself and he had the option to get himself and his significant other to wellbeing. The Buchers are the main known casualties of the Briley pack that endure their assault. Michael McDuffie Walk 21, 1979-Michael McDuffie was the casualty of a home attack. The Briley posse constrained themselves into his home, ambushed McDuffie and looted the home and afterward shot McDuffie to death. Mary Gowen April 9, 1979 - Mary Gowen was strolling home from a keeping an eye on when the Briley group recognized her and followed her to her home. They at that point constrained their way into her home and beat, ransacked and assaulted her over and over, at that point shot her in the head. The 76-year-elderly person figured out how to endure the assault, however fell into a trance like state the following day and kicked the bucket half a month later. Christopher Philips July 4, 1979 -  Christopher Philips, age 17, waited around Linwoods vehicle a moment excessively long. Expecting that he was anticipating taking it, the Bailey siblings constrained the kid to a field where they beat and kicked him and afterward Linwood executed him by pulverizing his head with aâ cinderblock. Johnny G. Gallaherâ September 14, 1979 - Popular circle racer John Johnny G. Gallaher was playing in a band at a dance club when he went outside throughout a break. The Briley group saw him and constrained him into the storage compartment of his Lincoln Continental, at that point headed to an old paper plant out by the James River. Gallaher was pulled from the storage compartment, looted and shot in the head at short proximity. His body was found skimming in the waterway two days after the fact. Mary Wilfong September 30, 1979 - Mary Wilfong, age 62, was filling in as a private attendant when the Briley pack saw her and followed her home. Similarly as she was going to enter her condo, the Brileys attacked her, at that point beat her to death with a homerun stick, after which they burglarized her loft. Blanche Page and Charles Garner October 5, 1979 - On Fourth Avenue, not a long way from the Briley home, the brothersâ assaultedâ thenâ bludgeoned to death 79-year-old Blanche Page, at that point beat and wounded to death her visitor, 59-year old Charles Garner. As indicated by examiners, the beating and murder of Garner was one of the most ruthless that the agents had ever observed. The Wilkersons October 19, 1979 -  Harvey Wilkerson and his better half, 23-year-old Judy Barton and her five-year-old child lived around the bend from the Brileys home. Wilkerson and the Briley siblings had known each other for a considerable length of time and were companions. The four would regularly discuss snakes since, similar to the Briley siblings, Wilkerson additionally claimed pet snakes.â On October 19, the Brileys were feeling celebratory. J.B., the center sibling, had been paroled prior that day. For the duration of the day the siblings had been hanging out on Fourth Avenue, drinking and smoking pot, and as night fell they spoke intensely about finding another casualty that night. They settled on Harvey Wilkerson, conceivably on the grounds that they thought he had been managing drugs and needed the cash or his clients or both. Wilkerson was outside when he saw the Briley siblings and 16-year-old Duncan Meekins traveled his direction. He headed inside and bolted the entryway, yet the gathering continued coming. At the point when they got to Wilkersons loft, they thumped on the entryway and notwithstanding his feelings of trepidation, Wilkerson opened the entryway and let them inside. When the pack got inside they started assaulting the couple. They bound them with channel tape and choked them, and afterward Linwood Briley assaulted Judy while in closeness to her child and spouse. At the point when he was done, Meekins, who was viewed as one the posse, proceeded toâ sexually assaultâ and sodomizeâ the pregnant lady. The posse at that point experienced the house and took whatever individual has a place that they needed. Linwood put J.B. in control and left the condo with a portion of the taken products. J.B. advised his sibling Anthony and Meekins to cover Wilkerson and his better half with sheets. They left 5-year-old Harvey on the sofa. J.B. at that point requested Meekins to shoot Wilkerson. Meekins got a cushion and shot through it on numerous occasions and slaughtered Wilkerson. J.B. at that point shot Judy, executing her and her unborn kid. Anthony purportedly shot and slaughtered the kid. The Brileys didnt realize that the police had the territory underâ surveillanceâ and knew that the pack had gone into Wilkersons condo. At the point when the police heard discharges go off, they couldn't tell where the shooting was coming from and begun campaigning the territory. They spotted Meekins and two of the Briley siblings leaving Wilkersons condo. They didn't imagine that it was associated with the discharges that they heard. Capture After three days the police got a solicitation to do a government assistance keep an eye on Wilkerson and Judy. As they moved toward the condo, they found the front entryway was somewhat partially open. Entering the loft they strolled into a ghastly scene that, for even solidified cops, was difficult to deal with. Clearly, before leaving the condo the Briley siblings had let free Wilkersons pet snakes. Likewise left inside for three days to battle for themselves were two Doberman young doggies. Previously

Growth of Hotel Industries in India free essay sample

How to Write an Essay For College Sample - Tips That You Need To Know!

How to Write an Essay For College Sample - Tips That You Need To Know!You may be wondering how to write an essay for college samples. This question pops up whenever a student or teacher is presented with the decision of whether or not to allow their student to go on a college curriculum or whether to require that they go to college and take that curriculum. This does not have to be a difficult decision for anyone, but it is always a personal decision. Since so many of us need to make this decision at some point in our lives, there are some things that can help us make the decision with ease.The first thing that you should do is to decide what kind of writing you want to do and how you will get that particular area of your life covered. If you are planning on becoming a sports announcer, for example, it will be much easier for you to choose an announcer's job than if you were going to be writing a book about a subject related to your career path. You will have a better idea of what ki nds of subjects you are going to be best suited for.Once you know what kind of writing you want to do, then you should focus on finding someone who has done similar work for you and asked them what they thought of that specific topic. Some topics are easier than others to cover.For example, if you were researching different topics of discussion on a specific subject, it would be easier for you to find someone to talk about the topic for you than if you were to write a short essay about it. You would know that the person has already written about the topic before.Something else to keep in mind is that if you were writing an essay about a book, then your editor would probably ask you to outline everything in some way. While outlining a chapter is certainly a great help, it is even more helpful if you already know how to outline a book. It is important to remember that your editor might also be asking you to outline a book before they read your essay.Another thing to keep in mind is th at, if you are going to write an essay, then you have to do it correctly. This is very true of students as well as professionals. If you are not confident about writing, you may want to find someone who is.It is important to point out the individual's flaws and strengths in order to get the point across. Keep in mind that if you are editing a piece, you should be as objective as possible. You should still be writing in the third person when referring to yourself.There are many different things that you can do to be more confident when you are thinking about how to write an essay for college samples. All you need to do is to get started.

Adams, Samuel

Adams, Samuel Adams, Samuel, 1722â€"1803, political leader in the American Revolution, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. Boston, Mass.; second cousin of John Adams. An unsuccessful businessman, he became interested in politics and was a member (1765â€"74) and clerk (1766â€"74) of the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature. As colonial resistance to British laws stiffened, Adams spoke for the discontented and replaced James Otis as leader of the extremists. He drafted a protest against the Stamp Act in 1765 and was one of the organizers of the non-importation agreement (1767) against Great Britain to force repeal of the Townshend Acts . He drew up the Circular Letter to the other colonies, denouncing the acts as taxation without representation. More important, he used his able pen in colonial newspapers and pamphlets to stir up sentiment against the British. His polemics helped to bring about the Boston Massacre . With the help of such men as John Hancock he organized the rev olutionary Sons of Liberty and helped to foment revolt through the Committees of Correspondence. He was the moving spirit in the Boston Tea Party . Gen. Thomas Gage issued (1775) a warrant for the arrest of Adams and Hancock, but they escaped punishment and continued to stir up lethargic patriots. Samuel Adams was a member (1774â€"81) of the Continental Congress, but after independence was declared his influence declined; the radical was replaced by more conservative leaders, who tended to look upon Adams as an irresponsible agitator. He later served (1794â€"97) as governor of Massachusetts. See writings ed. by H. A. Cushing (4 vol., 1904â€"08, repr. 1968); biographies by J. C. Miller (1936, repr. 1960), S. Beach (1965), W. V. Wells (2d ed. 1969), and N. B. Gerson (1973). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

The Concept of Time and the Complications of Storytelling in 1004 - Literature Essay Samples

Time is a very strange aspect of life. Because time is a manmade phenomenon created as a measurement system, the way it dictates our lives seems unrealistic. Most people view time as a constant force in life, a mechanism for humanity to create plans and measure how much of our lives we devote to work, play, and relationships. The way in which Ben Lerner writes time in 10:04 turns this conventional notion of time on its head, shifting it into a non-linear entity that forms around each individual and becomes much more nebulous in its understanding of past, present, and future. The narrator of 10:04 references the film Back to the Future regularly, implying a strong connection between the two. Back to the Future quickly brings up the idea of being stuck in time. Not only is the clock on the clock tower stuck at 10:04, but Marty becomes stuck in the past when the time-traveling car runs out of fuel. Similarly, the narrator seems to be stuck in time. He is always waiting for the future to come and change his life. He is waiting for his aorta to burst and for Alex to have his child. Because he is so concerned with his future, and so afraid of the possibility that his medical condition will kill him before he gets to his future, the narrator neglects his present. His life has stalled because he cannot live in the present. Alex even tries to reorient him when he wants to falsify the past in his upcoming novel. She tells him that she wants him to concern himself with dwelling in the present. The ironic piece in the story of Back to the Future, as it relates to 10 :04, is that the lightning that stops the clock tower is also what powers the car to return Marty back to the future. It stops time, but also projects into the future. This duality can also be seen in the author’s book deal. Once he signs the contract and promises to write the novel he pitched, he loses all motivation to actually create that piece. He can write and work on other projects, but that particular work is just stalled. It is almost as if the expectation to create this novel, one that he had talked about often and had received such a great response, has stifled his creativity. He did not want to have to live up to the greatness of his concept. It is possible that he feared that the actual work would not elicit the same response as the original idea. So, with the imagined weight of these expectations, he was stopped in this liminal space where the concept of his work existed without its physical manifestation. Expectations also play a large part in the understanding of time. There are two expected hurricanes in the novel, and the prospect of disaster changes the way the characters view their lives. The expectations people have for the future enable a certain present that is erased when the projected future does not occur. Before the first storm, it becomes apparent that this eminent doom is altering the narrator’s perspective. He views Alex differently, almost like when the hero in an action movie kisses the girl before he goes into battle just in case he never gets the chance again. This kind of fatalist perspective seems to shift the way the world appears. Dreams that before could wait, no longer can because the timeline has been shortened. It is all about the possibility. For some, the possibility of the end is a call to action or a reason to take risks. For the narrator of 10:04, this disaster is just shortening his already too-short timeline. His world is already at risk to end early as a result of his heart problem and it makes him remove himself from the possibility of raising a child with Alex. She continually tells him that his involvement will just be figured out as they go, almost as if she also doubts his chances of living a long life and does not want to get her hopes up. This is probably part of the reason Alex is more comfortable with IUI than the traditional way of making a baby – it creates another degree of separation between him and the baby. The less he is like a father, the less it will hurt if he cannot be one. But it is also important to note that this fear fades between the first and second storm. The first storm allows the narrator to be slightly closer to Alex than he regularly would be, but the fact that the storm never arrives somehow negates that closeness. By the second storm, Alex is pregnant with his child and their closeness feels much more permanent. They both become more willing to take the risk. Even though neither of these storms directly affects the narrator, the idea of them changes him slightly. But the fact that the second storm hit part of the city and missed the narrator’s home kind of removes him from the experience. He is in the city and has to navigate through the destruction, but it is almost as though he experiences it through a screen. The most challenging part of this storm for him is that it is difficult for him to get a taxi to take him where he needs to go. Others have their homes ruined or livelihoods destroyed, which removes the narrator by a degree. Much like his explanation of the Challenger crash, he was in New York when the storm hit, but he did not experience it in the present-tense. He only experienced the mess it made. The second-hand experience seems to remove him from the collective present and place him in an individual present. He does not exist on the same plane as the storm and those affected by it. These storms also serve as a parallel for the narrator’s heart condition. They are predictable disasters, but no amount of preparedness can stop their disastrous effects. All anyone is able to do is sit and wait for the future to become the present. It is also interesting to talk about the storms in relation to the author’s repeated use of the phrase â€Å"unseasonably warm† because the two seem to go hand in hand. Weather is analyzed extensively by meteorologists to attempt to predict what is to come and is one of the most trustworthy methods of seeing the future. Additionally, there are set expectations associated with seasons. Summer is supposed to be hot while winter is expected to be cold. So when the author repeats â€Å"unseasonably warm,† the audience can understand that the future is not acting within expectations. It gives these scenes an air of uncertainty, almost as if time does not feel right around the narrator. The weather of the present is not the weather that was predicted in the past. Similarly, the narrator expects with a kind of certain dread that the hole in his aorta will grow, and it does not. The unfulfillment of expectations leaves the world slightly off-kilter, following the path of a less-anticipated future. This idea of multiple possible futures is incredibly pertinent to the theme of the novel. The narrator desperately wants his present to have a future, but he is very uncertain of what that future would look like. He likes having the freedom to change his future, so when a future becomes certain, he tends to avoid it, sticking himself in the present. When avoiding work on his novel, he writes in a poem that his back is to the future, indicating a degree of denial. He has focused so intently on the past that he has ignored the possibilities of the future. The narrator is afraid of what the future will bring, so he ruminates on the relative certainty of the past. This is what makes Noor’s story particularly interesting to him. In her story, the event of her mother telling her who her actual father is occurs in the present, but it entirely alters Noor’s past. It changed the way she viewed herself and her heritage, along with the entirety of her family dynamic. This singular moment in her present shed new light on her past and actually served to change who she was as a person. The past is not set in stone and when it is modified in the present, it creates this alternate present, where the previous present exists as a misinformed piece of the past. The two presents run parallel to each other for a short moment when new information is presented, creating two temporarily synchronized presents. This idea of multiple presents is exemplified in another moment that is described as â€Å"unseasonably warm,† where some people are dressed for the expected cool weather while others are dressed for the warm weather. It reminds the author of a double-exposed photo where two contrasting times exist together in the present in the form of the photo. This brings up the idea of the present being overlapped with the past, like the knowledge and events of the past color the vision of the present. Everyone carries the weight of their experiences every day and it affects how they view the present. The past is never over; it exists simultaneously with the present. It exists in a strange space where the events cannot be actively changed, but the perception of them can be altered to an extreme degree. Memory is an incredibly powerful part in our understanding of the past, but it is also a very unreliable resource. Memories are so easily altered as our present selves change; new eyes view memories differently and notice the subtleties that can now be understood. This idea is examined carefully when the narrator of â€Å"The Golden Vanity† tries to decide what kind of anesthesia he should choose for his wisdom teeth procedure. One kind of anesthesia removes the memory of the pain and the narrator cannot decide if that is the same as removing the pain. If the memory of the pain is not maintained, it should not have an effect upon the present. But this brings up the idea of repressed memories. Memories that are subconsciously remembered can have detrimental effects upon an individual’s psyche, indicating that active memory may not be the only method of recording the past. This line of thought only applies on an individual level though because posthumously, the only accou nt of existence is through the recorded memory of others. The majority of the people who were alive centuries ago are of little consequence to those who are alive today, especially if they were not conquerors or queens. Still, they inhabited time and are of consequence to the time in which they resided. They are remembered in a general sense where it is agreed that they existed, but individual people are unknown, Strangely enough, the narrator sometimes feels as though the entirety of history is happening at once, with each person’s individual consciousness inhabiting time together. This is a moderately insightful feeling, because when the entirety of time is considered, the time humans have inhabited is miniscule. Human history has happened so quickly it might as well have happened all at once. Even in the face of insurmountable time, Lerner makes an argument for the beauty of the present. The present flows into the past every moment, but the future falls into the present every time to replace it. It is always the present, but the present never lasts. Because the present is dually fleeting and eternal, it provides humanity with an unparalleled sense of ephemerality. This forms around the idea that the rare is precious and because the future is uncertain, what is happening now is beautiful just because it exists. But the experience of the past as viewed from the present is different from when it was experienced as present. What is beautiful one moment may be trifling the next, and that is part of the beauty of time. It is ever-changing as the individual’s perspective of it changes, creating something akin to moving art. Additionally, time, though a measurement, is experienced differently by each person. There is something magic about that. There is also the interesting way in which time is recorded. With novels and films, the people of the present have a much better idea of how people experienced the past. This allows us to have not only an understanding of the past, but a secondhand experience of it. The entertainment of the past can serve as educational tools in the future. Even just between generations, this kind of information can change the way people understand their parents and their grandparents. The affect each person’s individual present has on his or her as a person is significant, and having the opportunity to understand what their present was like is incredible. Seeing the progression of time is also incredibly interesting in itself. The narrator even makes a comment about how seeing what was futuristic in the past makes that time seem even more ancient. The expectations the past had for their future, which is now the current present, reveal what that time thought would be important. The technologic al advances they predicted in the past generally consisted of flying cars and robot butlers or other things that would make life easier. Sometimes these predictions take darker turns and predict apocalypse-like events or supreme laziness, but rarely do these forms of media imagine the kind of things that the world needs to fix. The writers of these works do not mention cures to horrible diseases or a reliable environmentally-friendly energy source, which is probably what this present is most concerned about for the future. This creative choice betrays a great deal about the media concerns at the time and how people related to their country’s national identity. The film The Clock in the novel also provides an interesting perspective on time. Because each minute in the film is synchronized with the minute in life, it yields a commentary on what times humanity partakes in particular activities. Somehow, even though the current time is constantly displayed on screen, the narrator finds himself checking his phone for the time. The medium used to express this message maintains an air of dissociation from the audience, wherein the time in the film still feels fictional. The time in the film and the time outside are like parallel lines that look the same and move the same, but are not actually the same. This is odd because time exists as a man-made concept that simply measures existence. The time in the film should have the same about of power over people as the time on a cell phone, but it does not. Humanity has molded time into this remarkably powerful entity that people revolve their lives around. This idea of time as its own being is especially true in cities. Most cities are known for the daily hustle to work and a greater stream of productivity. Time dictates when the subway comes and when people have to be at work. Lives are lived by the clock; it becomes a constant companion. But cities are also places of missed connections and major disasters. So many people in such a small area create an infinite number of possible futures revolving around coincidence. The city is always changing and growing because it exists as its own entity. There is a greater chance of almost every kind of accident occurring, which makes the future far more uncertain than in less-populated areas. The narrator often repeats the phrase â€Å"everything will be the same, but slightly different,† in regards to the future. One of the ways this can be interpreted is that the world will look the same, but the individual experiencing it will change. Things like skylines and mountains do not change lightly, but people change with every passing moment. Physical locations can hold the emotional memory of a moment, and may do so for many different people. This is particularly true at the sights of national disasters. For example, the place where the twin towers used to be certainly incites a different story within every person that views it: a story of a survivor, the memory of someone who was lost, or just the image of the plane flying into the tower. This land carries emotional weight because this event forever altered American history. But this situation occurs on a much smaller scale every day in a city. The places where life-changing events occur will never feel the same as t hey did before, even though nothing about them has physically changed. Time in 10:04 is a complicated concept because it moves away from the conventional idea of time. The story exists in multiple presents and a smattering of potential futures. This is very revealing about the narrator, because the reader becomes aware of his greater fear of the future through his tendency to dwell in the past. Both of the major films referenced in the novel create an alternate understanding of time. With Back to the Future, time traveling to the past can dramatically alter the future whereas The Clock makes viewers more entrenched in the present. The looming threat of death for the narrator colors all of his actions, dually making him feel like he is running out of time while refusing to acknowledge the future.

The Social Influence Of Minority And Minority Influence

This paper will review the research conducted in social influence, specifically majority and minority influence, why people conform and the factors that make them more likely to conform. Conformity is defined as â€Å"a form of social influence in which a person yields to group pressure in the absence of any explicit order or request from another person to comply, as in the Asch experiment† (Colman, or Dictionary of Psychology, 2009). Conformity encompasses majority and minority influence. Kelman (1958) proposed three types of conformity for influence of a majority; Compliance, internalisation and identification. Compliance refers to an individual changing their public opinion or behaviour even if they privately disagree. Internalisation is the changing of public and private opinions/behaviours. This may be because the other opinion is more valued, which may convince the individual, and lead to acceptance of the other point of view. Identification is when an individual may acc ept influence to develop a closer connection or relationship. It consists a little of both compliance and internalisation as the individual accepts influence as correct (internalisation), however the reason for this is to be accepted / obtain approval (compliance). Asch’s study (1958) is a prime example of majority influence. Asch rationalised that if a direct approach was taken and the situation stimulus wasn’t ambiguous, then there would be little or no conformity. He created a simple task, relativelyShow MoreRelatedPolice Influence on Society822 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Police Influence on Society Police Influence on Society 1 The relationship between police and minority societies has always been a difficult one with many issues. Before the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s African Americans were treated brutally by the police in the United States. African Americans along with other minority groups were often abused by police. Minorities were viewed to have no rights and this treatment was commonplace. This brutal treatmentRead MoreMarijuana Has Always Been A Concern In How It Should Be1625 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana has always been a concern in how it should be dealt with, whether it be legal or illegal, if it harmful or not, and even if it is for the privileged or minorities. Marijuana brings different controversies and currently legalized in some states and not in others, but a major issue is the arrest/incarceration rates based on the ethnicity of those who use and are caught with marijuana. This leads to the question how does ethnicity play a role in arrest/incarceration rates when taking intoRead MoreRacism : A Long Way From The End Of Colonialism Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagesequality. Racism is the ideology that devalues and renders other racial and ethnic group as inferior and it is reflected through the individual’s interaction, expression and attitudes towards others (Racism No Way). It is deeply rooted from historical, social, cultural and power inequalities. Racism has indeed shifted its course from previously stricter policies and practices of racism to individuals who promote multiculturalism, equality and diversity. Racism have changed its form but it continues toRead MoreWhy Do People Conform and Obey1280 Words   |  6 PagesWhy do people conform and obey? Psychology Essay 4 Essay: Why do people conform and obey? In psychological terms, conformity refers to an individual`s urge to follow the rules or behaviours of a social group to which he belongs. Psychologists have put forward many theories to find out why people conform and obey and have completed studies to confirm their ideas. In this essay I will explain why people conform and obey. An important experiment demonstrating under which circumstances peopleRead MoreThe Impact Of Educational Attainment On Stem Amongst Underrepresented Populations939 Words   |  4 PagesCurrently, in the United States, minorities constitute approximately 30 percent of the population (Dalton, Ingles Fritch, 2015), however only account for 16 percent of STEM degrees (Sass, 2015). Educational attainment in STEM amongst underrepresented populations is not only ethical but, vital to the United States future as it jockey for position in the global economy (Chen, 2009; Dalton et. al, 2015). Common Findings The disproportional representation of minorities has led the federal governmentRead MorePsychological Processes that May Be Involved in Obedience to Authority994 Words   |  4 Pagesone study of minority influence and give one criticism of this study. Moscovici undertook a study of minority influence in 1969. He wanted to find out whether a minority could influence a majority of naà ¯ve participants, reversing the usual direction of social influence. Moscovici found that 32% of the majority conformed at least once, showing a yielding to minority influence. However Moscovici focused on the difference between the majority and the minority. In everyday Read MoreRace And Racial Relations : Racial Discrimination, Profiling, Criminalization, And Neighborhood Context Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesa stereotypical racial relationship. Within the racialization of crime, crime and race are nearly inseparable; defining race in terms of crime and crime in terms of race (Pickett, 2012). Linking race to crime, several studies have found that non-minority populations, such as Caucasians, frequently view African-Americans as a criminal threat, a threat to their economic interest and a threat to their political power. This influential perception of crime has resulted in a sense of fear and a desireRead MoreHealth Disparities And Health Care For Minorities917 Words   |  4 Pagesto worse care for minorities is an article from U.S News world report on the website http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2016-02-11/racial-bias-in-medicine-leads-to-worse-car e-for-minorities. In this article, the experience of a medical doctor is used to shed light on the subject of racial bias/ discrimination in health care and how it is affecting health outcome of racial and ethnic minority. â€Å"Race or ethnic group is a major social factor that influences health in the URead MorePrejudice : A Sociological Perspective Of A Person857 Words   |  4 Pagesof discriminatory behavior against minorities. Consequently, the resentment is reciprocated by the minorities back to the middle and working class people. This is the culture families implement and learns to live with and as a result, prejudicial attitudes pass on from one generation to another. The primary cause of prejudice is a sociological perspective of a person under predominance of the socialization process, economic competition, and conforming to social norms. According to â€Å"Causes of Prejudice†Read MoreDoes Joining A Minority Organization Affect The Social, Mental, And Psychological Being Of Minority Students On Predominantly928 Words   |  4 PagesAbreanna McFadden Sociology 201 Dr. Lisa Winters 16 October 2015 Does joining a minority organization affect the social, mental, and psychological being of minority students on predominantly white campuses? In today’s society, Predominately white institutions and campus climate can contribute and play a key role to the success and achievement of minority students. In the twenty-first century, African American (black) students will continue to enroll in predominantly white institutions (PWIs) at

Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway Essay

Ernest Hemingway’s, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, was first published in August of 1927 but it was not until briefly after the lone publication of this esoteric short story that it received the notability it deserved; accompanied by many other encapsulating short stories, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† in addition to the thirteen other short stories published by Hemingway in October of 1927 made up his second collection of short stories, â€Å"Men Without Women†. Nevertheless, William Shakespeare’s, â€Å"Hamlet†, was the longest play ever written by the Englishman estimated to be written sometime within the late 16th and early 17th century; â€Å"Hamlet† is revered not only as one of Shakespeare’s greatest literary work but also as one of the most†¦show more content†¦This is notable in the conversation between the two as a child’s life figuratively depends on the outcome of this brief un-honest conversa tion, which is assumably another intended message by Hemingway directed at perceptive readers of his short story. As mentioned, the absurdity of the conversation between the two lovers is present within their communication, but this also displays the absurdity of the human condition as both characters lack the honesty to be frank or straightforward with each other. This trait is not only common within the victorian conservatism of the 1920’s and 1930’s but also in the present day. The subtly in which Hemingway stresses the dishonesty between â€Å"The American† and â€Å"Jig† is apparent in the retraction of the observation made by â€Å"Jig†. When â€Å"Jig† says, â€Å"They’re lovely hills† and â€Å"They don’t really like look like white elephants. I just meant the colouring of their skin through the trees† it is obvious by this statement that her emotions or opinion regarding abortion have changed (â€Å"Jig † is now considering keeping the child). Typical of his character, â€Å"The American† suggests the two should have another drink, plainly ignoring or not paying any attention to the opinion of â€Å"Jig† (which is another effort of Hemingway’s to show the couples inability to communicate truthfully). Alcohol plays a less important role in the absurdity of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†; however, it is still a strong metaphor forShow MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway580 Words   |  2 PagesE.B. White once said, â€Å"Theres no limit to how complicated things can get, on account of one thing always leading to another.† This quotation means that nobody ever knows how complicated things are going to get, and on top of that they can get worse. One can agree with this statement because in life you can go through unexpected situations that really affect your life in a negative way, and in life things might get worse. Bo th Soldiers home by Ernest Hemingway and Hills like white elephants by ErnestRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway886 Words   |  4 Pagesreader could put themselves into. Whether they choose to partake in a wayward journey full of adventure or the daily life of a human being with morals; a story’s aspect influences those thoughts with a deeper understanding. In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† it follows an American man and girl at a resting point during their travels. They arrived by train, stopping between Barcelona and Madrid. While there, they patiently waited for the next train at a bar inside of the station.Read MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway893 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway was a prolific writer. His short story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† shows the tense situation between a man and a woman on vacation. Hemingway chooses to be vague in many ways. He never gives real names to his characters, nor explicitly states where they are besides hinting that they are in Spain. Additionally, he leaves it entirely to the reader to discover what the couple is discussing. By only providing information to the reader through only the dialogue of the two centralRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway939 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† written by Ernest Hemingway, is an intriguing literary work that foretells the story of a man and a woman waiting for a train, whilst discussing their feelings and emotions towards the surgical operation that is about to occur on the woman. Although the story was originally written in August 1927, the piece was later published in Hemingway’s short story collection ‘Men Without Women’. The text includes a wide variety of literary terms and has various criticalRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway990 Words   |  4 Pages Another relationship coming to an end†¦ Throughout the story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† written in 1927 by Ernest Hemingway, he used the train station setting, the desired operation, and obviously the relationship between the American and the girl to symbolize a crumbling relationship and unwanted gift between them. The American and the girl find themselves wound up in a rough, unplanned situation that they are trying to fix. Many bread crumbs are dropped throughout the story to symbolize a collapsingRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway1446 Words   |  6 PagesErnest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† explores the topics of abortion, sex before marriage, and feelings of separation. There are many different points of view one can take on Hemingway’s work. The main literary analysis that will be explained is the significance of the title and how it is layered into the story in various places. In addition to this, the narrator’s point of view will also be discussed since it plays a role in bringing the characters together. Lastly, it willRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway1750 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway’s stories are known for their ever interpreting meanings behind them, and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† does not trail from the rest due to the never mentioned word ‘abortion’. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† written by Ernest Hemingway, takes place around World War 1 in Spain, at a train station (Hills Like White Elephants. 4). An American man and a girl have been discussing the girl’s unspecific operation. It is apparent that the girl is perturbed about this operation, while theRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway1037 Words   |  5 PagesOlivia Sellers English 102 Scheck February 10, 2016 â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† can be puzzling and hard to decipher. Due to this, a number of conclusions can be drawn away from the text. The dialog between characters leaves a number of questions unanswered and leaves the reader confused about the conversation as a whole. Many things are left unsaid and not explained in the story, with that being the case, the reader must takeRead More`` Hills Like White Elephant `` By Ernest Hemingway865 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore it begins, or as easily getting rid of problem before it even became one. In the short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephant†, the compensation of abortion can easily be seen between Jig and her American lover’s decision whether to keep the innocent’s life or not. Ernest Hemingway uses the fiction element plot, symbolism, and setting to illustrate the theme of abortion in â€Å"Hills like White Elephants.† Abortion has been viewed as a crucial struggle between couples. Many view this situation as endingRead MoreHills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway1432 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstood behaviors. Ernest Hemingway weaves both of these stereotypes into his short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† The story’s plot revolves around a couple arguing about whether or not to have an abortion. In Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† a theme of male domination can be found, but by examining the dialogue closely, a theme of females asserting their will and manipulating emerges as well. Male domination is the primary and most obvious theme in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† During the

The Effect of Global Value Chains on Employment in China’s Manufacturing Sector - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 517 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Employment Essay Did you like this example? What is the impact of Global Value Chains on manufacturing sector jobs in China? The 21st century has been characterized largely by the adoption of trade-led development strategies. The gains of globalization and trade openness are gradually phasing out rigid protectionism. Today, capital can be invested anywhere, using labor and raw materials outsourced from anywhere, and the product be marketed anywhere as long as that ‘anywhere’ has economic value. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Effect of Global Value Chains on Employment in China’s Manufacturing Sector" essay for you Create order As a result of the growing economic integration across the globe, it has become common practice for countries to export or import intermediate products for advanced processing. The increasing diffusion of technology and labor mobility has further given international trade the new dimension of joint production. Recent research shows that the fragmentation in production processes has been facilitated by the continued decline of transport costs and the emerging web of value addition processes (Timmer et al, 2015). Global Value Chains have thus become the center piece of production and trade policy. Today, imports are not merely finished products or consumables; they form a key part of domestic production in the importing state. Global Value Chains (GVCs) are conceptually not a new phenomenon. Yet it’s only recently that scholars have started paying attention to the impact global value chains have on employment. The creation of a new world input-output database (WIOD) and its public inception in 2012 enabled the analysis of country participation in GVCs. The database is yet to include developing countries. As a result of it being relatively recent, there has not been much focus on the subject area in general. Consequently, there are very few country studies on the effect of GVCs on employment patterns. Recent research work presents mixed findings on how foreign value added in production impacts on employment. In India, Banga (2015) finds that the domestic value added in exports had no statistically significant impact on imports. He also surprisingly finds that Foreign Value Added in exports has negative impact on growth of employment. His conclusion is that GVCs had a negative net effect on employment in India. Timmer, Los and Vries (2015) used the global input-output methodology to analyze the effect of foreign demand on employment in China for the years between 1995 and 2001. They also found that increase on foreign demand had no effect on employment. For the years between 2001 and 2006, they find that foreign demand had led to an increase in jobs. The creation of WIOD database presents an opportunity to pursue this subject further. This proposed analysis differs with the study conducted by Timmer et al in two ways. One, the study restrains the analysis to capture impact of GVC participation on employment in the manufacturing sector. Secondly, the study uses more comprehensive data from WIOD for the years between 2000 and 2014. The increase in sample observations is likely to impact on the findings. Theory: Global Value Chain theory Model TEi = ?0 + ?1 FoVAi + ?2 Tariffi + ?3GVAi + ?4LCompi+ dManfi +U Data Source1: WIOD Socio-Economic Accounts LComp- Labor Compensation (Wage) GVA- Gross Value Added TE-Total Persons Engaged (Employment) FoVA-Foreign Value Added (GVC MEASURE) Data Source2: WBG WITS, UNCTADTRAINS, World Trade Organization Tariffs- Weighed annual average tariff values

Conservation Of Endemic Ruminant Livestock And Improve...

In a 6-point scale, the TE rated the project’s outcome effectiveness as â€Å"Satisfactory†. The TE only briefly summarized the project results at the EOP (End of Project) without comparing them with expected outcomes. In the same scale, this TER will rate the project’s outcome as â€Å"Moderately Satisfactory† based on the evidence presented by the Final PIR (PIR 2014), which shows that some progress has been made for reaching all of the project targets, but majority of targets were not achieved 100%. A comparison of the project’s achievements against the targets of its indicators is presented below: (PIR 2014, p.4-53) The project’s Immediate Objectives are: (i) To conserve the biodiversity of endemic ruminant livestock and improve their productivity (AfDB) (ii) To establish effective models for community-based management of endemic ruminant livestock and its habitats at project sites, and strengthen production, market, and policy environment in support of theses breeds (GEF) There are 7 indicators under the project immediate objectives. By the EOP all of the indicators partly reached or were on the track for fully reaching their targets. Indicator 1 was the levels of household food security as measured by a household dietary diversity score (HDDS). The target was at least 20% increase by project end from baseline levels. The target was 50% achieved. According to statistics available by the EOP: the level for Gambia declined around 30%; the level for Mali increased 24.3%; the

Heroism Redifined Lord of the Rings Free Essays

string(36) " the traditional literary servants\." Heroism redefined Lord of the Rings J. R. R. We will write a custom essay sample on Heroism Redifined: Lord of the Rings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tolkien Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings trilogy, offers the reader a truly compelling picture of the world of Middle-earth. The author, in great detail, depicts a complex reality which abounds in a whole variety of creatures, cultures, languages and histories. If we take a closer look on Tolkien’s masterpiece we will easily notice a complexity of themes, motifs, symbols which add to the semantic richness of the text. It is necessary to mention that Tolkien was considerably influenced by the literary tradition. Fascinated by literary genres such as a heroic epic, a chivalric romance or a fairy tale Tolkien skillfully weaved many characteristic conventions of these genres in Lord of the Rings. Among many other features drawn from the literary tradition the theme of heroism occupies a prominent position in Tolkien’s trilogy. On the one hand Tolkien follows a well known model of a courageous epic hero, but on the other hand he operates with the theme in an innovative way. Apart from a careful depiction of a well known image of noble heroism typical of great figures of historical significance such as Aragorn, the novel surprisingly offers a completely new image of heroism which is represented by small hobbits. Providing at the same time two parallel faces of the concept, Tolkien significantly changes and challenges the traditional meaning of heroism and, as a consequence, significantly enriches the literary tradition. A significant part of the trilogy is devoted to the deeds of great Men such as Aragorn. Drawing extensively on the tradition of heroic epic and chivalric romance Tolkien presents a powerful image of a knightly hero full of noble virtues. Aragorn is a â€Å"born hero† – a true heir to the throne of Gondor, â€Å"born to achieve great deeds in his time† (Zimmer Bradley 83). He is a courageous man of action, endowed with physical strength, who combats evil, brings order and restores peace. Respected and admired by other characters, Aragorn is a hero of indomitable spirit who never commits mistakes and always serves as an epitome of bravery and virtue. Although Aragorn is one of the most prominent characters in the trilogy, the most important mission, to destroy the malevolent Ring, falls upon a completely different figure. The future of the whole Middle-earth does not depend on noble Elves or brave Men or even strong Dwarves but lies in the hands of the seemingly weak and insignificant hobbits (Gulisano 131). Tolkien’s surprising choice falls upon small and rather funny creatures which, in fact, do not really have any particular achievements. Though small and weak, it is Frodo and his faithful servant Sam who are burdened with an extremely difficult task. Contrary to all expectations Frodo is chosen to carry the ring: â€Å"You may be nobody in particular in yourself, yet for some inexplicable reasons, through no choice of your own, the Ring has come into your keeping, so that it is on you and not on Gandalf or Aragorn that the task falls of destroying it† (LotR, I, 284) At first the small hobbit is full of doubts. He is neither a great wizard like Gandalf to plan the strategy of war against Sauron, nor Aragorn, an outstanding warrior who is destined to be the leader of the army of Gondor. Yet, the Ring has clearly chosen the hobbit. Unlike other significant figures of the trilogy Frodo has â€Å"heroism thrust upon him† (Zimmer Bradley 84). In contrast with Aragorn, Frodo is not born to gain glory, yet through experience and ability to endure hardships he finally rises to heroism. Though hesitantly, Frodo humbly accepts the task: â€Å"’I will take the Ring,’ he said, ‘though I do not know the way. †(LotR, I, 284) Even though Frodo would rather â€Å"stay at home than risk my life on the very slight chance of winning glory† (LotR, I, 284) eventually he resigns from his own comfort and safety and full of hope takes up a dangerous journey to save the world of Middle-earth. During the journey he often trembles, regrets his lot and wonders why he was burdened with such an enormous load, still he manages to remain faithful to the mission till the very end. Deciding to carry the Ring Frodo starts to follow a path full of sacrifices and pain. As the Ring bearer he is forced to put up a constant resistance to his own ambitions and desire for power (Bramlett 70). Frodo undeniably becomes a hero of the story. Though he actually fails at the very last moment of his mission – he yields to the temptation and wants to posses the Ring for his own- the quest is still completed and Frodo returns covered in glory. However, as Frodo rather reluctantly accepts the heavy burden of the unusual quest there is another character who follows the same path on his own free will and without complain. Sam, Frodo’s devoted servant, becomes an unrecognized hero of the story, who bravely accompanies and supports Frodo till the very last stage of their journey. He is the one who cares even less for glory and heroic deeds. His only wish is to protect his master and follow Frodo even if it means death. (Zimmer Bradley 84) Throughout the story Sam undergoes perhaps the most significant development. He starts out as a minor character. Even Sam describes himself as a â€Å"luggage in a boat†. He is a rather comic and childish character hardly adequate for such a grand enterprise (Purtill 89). Although at first he displays a sort of a limited perception, which is not unusual for a hobbit – he can be very practical at times – â€Å"his mind was slow but shrewd† (LotR, II, 625). In the course of the novel Sam gradually takes more and more responsibility and acquires such importance that without him the quest would be unfulfilled. Sam seems to be a typical hobbit servant, yet Tolkien endows him with certain features which differentiate him from the traditional literary servants. You read "Heroism Redifined: Lord of the Rings" in category "Essay examples" This peculiar hobbit is endowed with a sort of curiosity which is quite unique for a hobbit. He is fascinated with Elves and dreams about an opportunity to meet them one day. He is much more open to the new ideas and experiences than a typical hobbit (Purtill 90-91). What is more, Sam is also aware of his own limitations. He usually depends on the opinion of others, as he is not able to decide on grand matters: â€Å" I hope that the master will think it out carefully. He’s as wise as any, but he’s soft-hearted, that’s what he is. It’s beyond any Gamgee to guess what he’ll do next† (LotR, II, 625). Moreover, Sam is also endowed with a significantly greater independence than a typical servant (Purtill 90-91). When Frodo decides to abandon Shire alone, without any support of his friends, Sam reveals Frodo’s plan to Pippin and Merry in order to protect his master. On another occasion he disobeys Aragorn and secretly follows Frodo on the further journey without informing the rest of the fellowship. When his master comes at stake Sam is able to do absolutely anything. Above all else, Sam characterizes an enormous devotion, selflessness and love for Frodo. His care for his master is truly incomparable: â€Å"It is hardly possible to separate you form him [Frodo], even when he is summoned to a secret council and you are not† (LotR, I, 284). Throughout the story signs of Sam’s love for Frodo can be frequently encountered: â€Å"Sam came in. He ran to Frodo and took his left hand, awkwardly and shyly. He stroked it gently and then he blushed and turned hastily away. † (LotR, I, 237) His love for Frodo is immense. He is totally selfless and ready for sacrifices for his master. His devotion is best portrayed in the last stage of the quest, when the fellowship is broken and the two hobbits continue their dark journey to Mordor all by themselves. As Frodo, due to the malevolent power of the Ring, gradually becomes both physically and mentally weaker, Sam becomes an actual guide and protector. He deals with the practical aspects of the journey and combats various obstacles throughout the way. Gradually Sam becomes less comic and much more doughty. Along with their approaching the gates of Mordor Sam is significantly gaining importance and becoming a truly mature character. When the two hobbits are just one step form completing their mission of destroying the Ring everything is almost ruined due to Gollum’s betrayal. Sam and Frodo are attacked by a giant spider Shelob. Frodo is wounded in the combat and Sam is convinced that his beloved master is dead. Though terrified and totally miserable he does not turn back. He feels an obligation to continue the quest. As soon as he realizes that his master is still alive he rushes to rescue Frodo. As for the time being he carries the Ring, and just like Frodo and others he is subject to the great temptation. On this stage of the journey ominous power of the Ring is the most dangerous and the temptation is respectively stronger. The Ring plants in Sam visions of himself as a great warrior: Samwise the Strong. Hero of the Age, striding with flaming sword across the darkened land, and armies flocking to his call as he marched to overthrow of Barad-dur. And then all the clouds rolled away and the white sun shone, and at his command the vale of Gorgoroth became a garden of tress and brought forth fruit. He had only to put on the Ring and claim it for his own and all this could be. In that hour of trial it was the love of his master that helped most to hold him firm; but also deep down in him lived still unconquered plain hobbit-sense: he knew in the core of his heart he was not large enough to bear such a burden, even if such visions were not a mere cheat to betray him. The one small garden of a free gardener was all his need and due, not a garden swollen to a realm; his own lands to use, not the lands of others to command. And anyway, all those notions are only a trick,† he said to himself. (LotR, III, 880-881) Sam is saved by his great love for his master and his extraordinary common sense combined with modesty and humility. Deep down he realizes that the vision of himself as a great warrior is ridiculous. The illusion, in fact, does not even constitute a dream that he aspires to. Sam is aware that he is not meant to be a grand hero. He knows perfectly well that his true voc ation is to be a humble servant and this is exactly what makes him happy. The great trial Sam is subject to requires from the little hobbit a great deal of common wisdom and strength. Sam who at first seems to be a rather weak and at times an irritating character demonstrates strength which can be compared to the one of Galadriel or Gandalf. He is not only able to resist the temptation, but also to return the Ring to Frodo without hesitation. Sam displays enormous grandeur. At this point he presents more heroism than for instance one of Tolkien’s classic heroes Bromir for whom temptation turned out too great to resist. As one of the critics rightly suggests: â€Å"He [Sam] exhibits concrete wisdom rather than abstract reasoning, finds relationship more important than objects, is supportive, nurturing, and self-sacrificing. † (Purtill 95) Tolkien seems to suggest that these are the features that account for true heroism. Thanks to Sam the quest can be completed. He supports Frodo emotionally till the very end and even literally carries him to the Mount Doom when the latter is physically unable to reach the destination. At the last stage of their journey Frodo is so debilitated by the power of the Ring that he is practically unable to think clearly. All his powers are focused on resisting the temptation of putting the Ring on the finger. Form now on the success of the mission depends on Sam. At this point, the development of Sam is clearly visible. He realizes that the mission has to be completed, that they must do everything in their power to end the task. He knows that they have reached a point from which there is no return. Though, he is convinced that there is no hope for them and they are doomed to death, he still manages to follow once entrusted mission. Sam becomes an undeniable hero of the story. Though he does not acquire a sort of glory that Pippin and Merry achieve on a battlefield, still he does acquire the necessary virtue and wisdom to eventually become the leader and the ruler of the hobbits – the Mayor of the Shire. Lord of the Rings, among many other beautiful and complex images, provides one of the most extraordinary and memorable depictions of heroism. Greatly influenced by the literary tradition, Tolkien both follows and modifies the concept of heroism and consequently provides the reader with two faces of this traditional notion. Tolkien emphasizes a number of features characteristic for a heroic epic and a chivalric romance. Features such as courage, fortitude, nobleness and honour can be found in several prominent figures in the novel. One of the most distinct examples, personifying all these virtues, is to be found in Aragorn. He is a classic hero, descendant of the line of kings, great warrior, the one who restores peace and brings back justice. Aragorn is the rightful heir to the throne who bravely struggles with the forces of evil and at the end triumphantly comes back to his kingdom and marries Arwena – Elf princess. Aragorn embodies all features typical of a truly heroic character in the traditional sense of the concept. However, the author does not only provide the reader with a well known model of heroism based on strength and courage. The novel presents a new surprising aspect of this concept and at the same time establishes a modern, innovative definition of the notion. In the course of the novel the reader is exposed to a very peculiar juxtaposition of characters. Next to such heroic figures as Aragorn Tolkien places queer, little, funny hobbits. It is Frodo and his devoted servant Sam who become true heroes of the story. If it had not been for their simplicity, ordinariness, lack of violence and ability to self-sacrifice the whole Middle-earth would be seized by the forces of evil. Frodo and Sam represent ordinary, insignificant figures who through their selflessness, loyalty and love for friends are brought to the heroic glory. Realization of their own limitations, common sense and modesty prevents them form mistakes that other characters are prone to commit. Hobbits represent the kind of courage exhibited by an ordinary person, who rises to heroism in the face of challenge (Purtill 77). Their courage is moral as well as physical. On their quest they have to face both mental torments, such as resisting the power of the ring and fear of enemies, and physical hardships, like lack of food and water, exhaustion due to the strenuous journey and wounds they receive during combats. Tolkien presents the reader a new definition of heroism which is based on love and humility and can be achieved not exclusively by the chosen, great figures but by everybody. Heroism that Tolkien offers in Lord of the Rings is within everybody’s reach, no matter how small and weak and ordinary they would be (Gulisano 132). Juxtaposing the two kinds of heroism Tolkien stresses the fact that both can harmoniously coexist and are complementary: â€Å"without the high and noble the simple and vulgar is utterly mean; and without the simple and ordinary the noble and heroic is meaningless† (Tolkien in: Purtill 60). How to cite Heroism Redifined: Lord of the Rings, Essay examples

Classic Model of Language Neurobiology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Classic Model of Language Neurobiology. Answer: Introduction: The biological basis of human behaviour refers to the extensive study of all kinds of behavioural functions that are associated with the nervous system, the brain in particular. Physical structure of the human body plays a crucial role in governing the behaviour of an individual. Hence, the biological basis of behaviour is entirely controlled by the mammalian nervous system that is a complex biological organ that enables the body to function in a coordinated manner (Nebylitsyn Gray, 2013). Cognition refers to the mental process or action that helps to acquire knowledge, followed by gaining a clear understanding of experiences, thought process, and senses. The process of cognition also involves judgment, working memory, reasoning, evaluation, problem solving, language comprehension and decision making. This essay will illustrate the mechanism of cognition that is brought about by neural communication. Thus, human cognition often analyses processes from different perspectives. The nervous system is made up of two basic types of cells: neurons and glial cells.The glial cells, outnumber neurons and have been found to provide physical and metabolic support to the neurons. These glial cells act as scaffolding system that forms the foundation of the nervous system (Dimou Gtz, 2014). These facilitate the neurons to carry out effective neuronal communication. In addition, other functions encompass providing insulation to the neurons, transporting waste products and nutrients, and mediating immune responses (Wake et al., 2013). They act as the building blocks of the nervous system and consist of three main parts namely, the cell body or cyton, dendrites and an axon. Synapse refers to specialized junctions located at the end of nervous cells that facilitate communication with adjacent neurons. Synapse encompasses the axon terminals of a neuron, which release neurotransmitters in response to specific impulse (Hruska Dalva, 2012). Neurotransmitter or endogenous che micals facilitate neurotransmission. The neurotransmitters are responsible for transmitting signals across the chemical synapses at the neuromuscular junction. Most common neurotransmitters are classified into a range of categories such as, amino acids, monoamines, trace amines, purines and peptides (Deutch, 2014). Transmission of nerve impulse along one neuron to the adjacent one occurs due to several electrical changes across the semi permeable membrane. Arrival of a stimulus leads to the development of an action potential that brings about a response. Parts of the brain involved in behaviour The amygdala contains two almond shaped nuclei groups that are located in the temporal lobes of the brain and control emotions. Sensory stimuli reach the amygdala basolateral complex, during emotional events, such as, fear and form connects with stimuli memories. These emotional memories are stored in the neuronal connections (Townsend et al., 2013). The hippocampus is the principle structure involved in various memory functions. It is located adjacent to the limbic system and contains cognitive maps that help an individual encode, store and retrieve memory. Thus, damage to the hippocampus and adjacent regions often lead to development of anterograde amnesia (Tanaka et al., 2014). The Brocas area and Wernickes area are regions that are responsible for processing and production of speech. Lesions in these areas result in disruption to speech production and comprehension. The areas also play an essential role in grammar, syntax processing and maintaining sentence structure (Tremblay D ick, 2016). There exist a range of cognitive processes that involve sophisticated functions that are unique to primates. Thus, cognition often involves a plethora of controlled processes One common example is the protection of information that is maintained in mind from some distracting stimuli (Gross, 2013). A major example of aneural correlate associated with specific cognitive process pertains to the sustained firing of cells that are located in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Advent offunctional MRI studies provided evidence for origin of cognitive processes from the cortical regions of thehuman brain. Neural mechanisms have evolved with the aim of allowing social interactions (Winecoff et al., 2013). One of the major achievements of humans, compared to other primates refers to their ability to reflect on their actions and memories. Learning behaviour The major neural mechanisms related to reward learning involve conducting an update of the estimated value that is related to rewards. This is brought about by prediction of error signals that are related to primary reinforces or monetary rewards. The ventral stiratum is thought responsible for reward learning. In addition, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex also helps in demonstrating behaviour that pertain to a smiling face, gaining reputation, agreement with others and obtaining experience from cooperation and fairness. Mechanisms related to orientation to different agents and faces often play a role in portrayal of behaviour that encompasses imitating other people (Steinberg et al., 2013). Social learning involves similar neural systems as found in nonsocial learning based on rewards. Several researchers have illustrated the fact that reward prediction are often represented in the ventral striatum (vSTR) of the brain (Daniel Pollmann, 2014). Investigations conducted to evaluate the mechanism of gaze following suggested that the neural basis of gaze involves a complex mechanism that gets activated or triggered upon imitating the actions observed in others. The behaviour involves several steps such as, primary recognition of the agent by the observer and its orientation towards the eyes and the face. This behaviour is presumed to be mediated by the subcortical route. The lateral interparietal area (LIP) that has often been correlated to saccade planning and attention is found to play a role in this process. The mirror neurons get fired and lead to development of an action potential, while imitating an action (Brooks Meltzoff, 2015). The process that underlies these different forms of imitation have also been associated with social neural mechanisms that are brought about by mirror neurons. Memory formation and retrieval Self-interest and coping are another major manifestation of human behaviour that are related to trial-and-error based learning process. Most commonly, the human brain is seen to avoid making errors, by retrieving memories. This forms a crucial part of the trial-and-error based learning behaviour. In addition, the human brain also modulates selective performance of certain actions that were initially found beneficial. On the other hand, memory is considered as the process that involves retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of experiences. This process of internal representation helps in categorizing memory into two components, namely, memeory expression at the behaviour level and the underpinning neural changes that accompany the process (Takeuchi, Duszkiewicz Morris, 2014). Encoding of working memory often involves spiking of a range of neurons that are triggered by sensory inputs and persist even after disappearance of the stimulus. Episodic memory encoding is found to involv e persistent changes in structures that play a role in altering synaptic transmission of nerve impulse between cells. Working memory signals originate from the medial temporal lobe. The pre-frontal cortex is found to play a role in development of long-term memory. Synaptic consolidation involves synthesis of proteins in the medial temporal lobe, subsequently followed by transformation of the memory to long term independent memory (Tonegawa et al., 2015). In addition to the hippocampus, other brain areas that are involved in memory formation are the striatum, and the amygdala. Hence, learning and memory are considered direct manifestation of changes in the neuronal synapses and are often considered mediated by long-term potentiation and depression. Attention refers to the behavioural and cognitive process that focuses on selective concentration on some discrete aspects of objective or subjective information. This is often accompanied by ignoring perceivable information. Researchers have demonstrated the fact that attention modulates the firing rate of the neuronal cells, where the receptive fields receive the stimulus. Presence of stimulus in the receptor increases the firing rate. The most common neurotransmitter that regulates attention is norepinephrine, This excitatory neurotransmitter helps in controlling stimulatory behaviour. Problems in signaling mechanism that involve dopamine and norepinephrine signaling often result in attention deficits (Wang et al., 2013). The prefrontal cortex, specifically the inferior frontal junction is responsible for controlling visual processing areas that help in providing attention, thereby facilitating recognition of several objects. The parietal cortex is believed to process attentional awareness, related to the environment and helps in representing numbers or manipulating objects (Benedek et al., 2014). Thus, spatial attention is brought about by the parietal cortex. Language refers to the way of communication of ideas and feelings and also helps in processing of such communication. The Brocas area and the Wernickes area are thought to facilitate language processing (Rogi?, Deletis Fernndez-Conejero, 2014). The Wernicke's area located between theauditory andvisual cortex is present in the posterior region of the superior temporal gyrus. On the other hand, the pars triangularis and pars opercularis located in the inferior frontal gyrus form the Brocas area. These structures help in speech production and comprehension (DeWitt Rauschecker, 2013). Firing of the mirror neurons are also thought to play a role in language formation. Conclusion To conclude, it can be stated that human behaviour results from an interaction between chemical and neural systems that work together inside the brain. Human behaviour involves interaction of both the mind and the body. This intersection between neural communication and different parts of the brain lead to the development of several mental capacities such as, perception, memory, language and emotions. Thus, all forms of behaviour displayed by humans arise from brain function. References Benedek, M., Schickel, R. J., Jauk, E., Fink, A., Neubauer, A. C. (2014). Alpha power increases in right parietal cortex reflects focused internal attention.Neuropsychologia,56, 393-400. Brooks, R., Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Connecting the dots from infancy to childhood: A longitudinal study connecting gaze following, language, and explicit theory of mind.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,130, 67-78. Daniel, R., Pollmann, S. (2014). A universal role of the ventral striatum in reward-based learning: evidence from human studies.Neurobiology of learning and memory,114, 90-100. Deutch, A. Y. (2014). Neurotransmitters. InFundamental Neuroscience (Fourth Edition), 117-138. DeWitt, I., Rauschecker, J. P. (2013). Wernickes area revisited: parallel streams and word processing.Brain and language,127(2), 181-191. Dimou, L., Gtz, M. (2014). Glial cells as progenitors and stem cells: new roles in the healthy and diseased brain.Physiological reviews,94(3), 709-737. Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: taking stock and moving forward.Emotion,13(3), 359. Hruska, M., Dalva, M. B. (2012). Ephrin regulation of synapse formation, function and plasticity.Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience,50(1), 35-44. Nebylitsyn, V. D., Gray, J. A. (Eds.). (2013).Biological bases of individual behavior. Academic Press, 1-11. Rogi?, M., Deletis, V., Fernndez-Conejero, I. (2014). Inducing transient language disruptions by mapping of Broca's area with modified patterned repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol.Journal of neurosurgery,120(5), 1033-1041. Steinberg, E. E., Keiflin, R., Boivin, J. R., Witten, I. B., Deisseroth, K., Janak, P. H. (2013). A causal link between prediction errors, dopamine neurons and learning.Nature neuroscience,16(7), 966. Takeuchi, T., Duszkiewicz, A. J., Morris, R. G. (2014). The synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis: encoding, storage and persistence.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B,369(1633), 20130288. Tanaka, K. Z., Pevzner, A., Hamidi, A. B., Nakazawa, Y., Graham, J., Wiltgen, B. J. (2014). Cortical representations are reinstated by the hippocampus during memory retrieval.Neuron,84(2), 347-354. Tonegawa, S., Pignatelli, M., Roy, D. S., Ryan, T. J. (2015). Memory engram storage and retrieval.Current opinion in neurobiology,35, 101-109. Townsend, J. D., Torrisi, S. J., Lieberman, M. D., Sugar, C. A., Bookheimer, S. Y., Altshuler, L. L. (2013). Frontal-amygdala connectivity alterations during emotion downregulation in bipolar I disorder.Biological psychiatry,73(2), 127-135. Tremblay, P., Dick, A. S. (2016). Broca and Wernicke are dead, or moving past the classic model of language neurobiology.Brain and language,162, 60-71. Wake, H., Moorhouse, A. J., Miyamoto, A., Nabekura, J. (2013). Microglia: actively surveying and shaping neuronal circuit structure and function.Trends in neurosciences,36(4), 209-217. Wang, G. J., Volkow, N. D., Wigal, T., Kollins, S. H., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., ... Fowler, J. S. (2013). Long-term stimulant treatment affects brain dopamine transporter level in patients with attention deficit hyperactive disorder.PloS one,8(5), e63023. Winecoff, A., Clithero, J. A., Carter, R. M., Bergman, S. R., Wang, L., Huettel, S. A. (2013). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex encodes emotional value.Journal of Neuroscience,33(27), 11032-11039.

Therapeutic Touch Its Effectiveness On Surgical Essay Example For Students

Therapeutic Touch: Its Effectiveness On Surgical Essay Therapeutic touch has been shown to decrease patients anxiety levels and increase their pain tolerance levels when other more mainstream therapies have not been completely effective. Therapeutic touch is a process by which energy is transmitted from one person to another for the purpose of potentiating the healing process of one who is ill or injured. (Heidt, 1981; Krieger, 1979; Lionberger, 1985; Randolph, 1984; Kramer, 1990). In my capacity as a nursing student on a medical- surgical unit, I have noticed an increase in pain medication requests among patients with incision site pain and a minimal use of lternative therapies for this pain management. With the use of therapeutic touch nurses can regain a closeness with patients and also have a direct effect on their pain level. Therefore the purpose of this study will be to determine if therapeutic touch is an effective intervention for patients experiencing surgical incision site pain within the first forty-eight hours after surgery. PROBLEM STATEMENT The question posed for study is: Is therapeutic touch an effective intervention for decreasing a patients surgical site pain within the first forty-eight hours after surgery? . The independent variable is therapeutic touch. The dependant variable is decreasing surgical site pain. The population to be studied will be patients on a thirty bed medical-surgical floor of a Lake Charles hospital. Fifty surgical patients will be studied over a four week period. The patients will be randomly selected to avoid any bias by the researcher. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM herapeutic touch is a nursing intervention that has the potential for eliciting a state of physiological relaxation in patients and for decreasing patients anxiety (Heidt, 1991). The use of therapeutic touch is very important o the nursing community. The need for immediate intervention in acute or chronic pain could be handled at the bedside with no need to await a doctors order for pharmacological intervention. Anxiety could be lessened to let patients rest more comfortably in the stressful hospital environment. Also teaching could be enhanced in the less anxious and more pain free client. A client that is admitted to the hospital for surgery may not get all the rest needed for proper recovery and healing due to inadequate pain relief from pharmacologic interventions. The need for more in depth research and pplication in the field of therapeutic touch as a nursing intervention is essential. REVIEW OF LITERATURE In preparing to undertake this research, various forms of literature must be examined. In a study done by Nancy Ann Kramer, MSN, RN on therapeutic touch and casual touch stress reduction of hospitalized children (1990), her study supported the use of therapeutic touch. She states he intervention of therapeutic touch will more quickly reduce the childs stress and provide comfort for a longer time, which eventually may decrease the hospital stay and decrease nursing work. . The author states that more research ay need to be done with a larger sample and a wider range of patient stressors to further support the use of therapeutic touch in a clinical setting. She used a sample of thirty children ages two weeks to two years old. In the next study, done by Patricia R. Heidt, RN, PhD, Helping patients to rest: Clinical studies in therapeutic touch(1991), she studied patients who wanted help with pain relief. Her main reason for this was to increase the descriptive data on patient care so further research could be done and therapeutic touch could be applied in nursing interventions. The strength of his study came from its in depth look at two case studies and how the therapeutic touch was used on two specific patients. The case studies gave an in depth look at the patients history and treatment and out comes after therapeutic touch was used. It also explained the settings and exactly what was done step-by-step through the therapeutic touch treatment by Heidt herself. The weakness of this study was also its strength. It had a very narrow focus and was not applied to a large group. In a study, done by Janet F. Quinn, RN, PhD, FAAN and Anthony J. Strelkauskas, PhD, named Psychoimmunologic effects of therapeutic touch on ractitioners and recently bereaved recipients: A pilot study(1993), they wanted to identify the variations and address conceptual inconsistencies in previous Therapeutic Touch research . The study was done with two therapeutic touch practitioners and four recently bereaved patients. They wanted to determine if there was a correlation between who received the therapeutic touch and who applied the therapeutic touch. Their study supported the use of therapeutic touch on practitioners and others who are bereaved and how therapeutic touch can increase white blood cell response. The weaknesses of this study were: that a short time frame was used (two weeks) and a small sample of practitioners and recipients was used. The strength of this study flowed from its use of descriptive language and its ease of obtaining bereaved subjects for use in the study. In the following study, Effects of Therapeutic Touch on Tension Headache Pain (1986), done by Elizabeth Keller and Virginia M. Bzdek they reviewed a sample of sixty volunteers from ages eighteen to fifty-nine that experience tension headaches. Their study supported the use of therapeutic touch in tension headache pain. They used a large sample population and various testing components for grading pain and relief of pain. I find this to be the strength of this study. A weakness of this study was its non-use of any pharmacological intervention and also the total subjectiveness of a persons pain rating. It also did not rule out whether any of the subjects had ever previously tried alternative therapies for their headache pain. Deforestation EssayThe reason for selecting this design is its simplicity. Half of the fifty patients will be randomly chosen as a control group. Observation of the dependant variable will be taken at those points in time as listed above. It will allow us to examine the changes of the patients response before and after the therapeutic touch treatment. SAMPLE The study subjects will be fifty surgical patients from a thirty bed medical- surgical floor at a Lake Charles hospital over a four week period. Each patient will have to meet the following criteria for the study: 1. The patient must have experienced an uncomplicated surgery. 2. The patient must have a surgical incision of at least two inches in length. 3. The patient must have some narcotic analgesia ordered for post- operative pain control. 4. The patient must be admitted into the hospital for a stay of greater than forty-eight hours after surgery. 5. The patient must sign a consent form to participate in the study. 6. The patient must be between the age of eighteen and thirty years old. The sample will include both male and female subjects. The nursing staff will identify candidates for this study when admitted to the post- operative surgery floor from the post- anesthesia care unit. If the patient cannot read the staff can read the consent to the patient. After verbalizing understanding of the consent, the staff member and one witness can sign the consent form for the patient. If the patient meets this criteria noted above they will be asked to sign a consent to participate in the study. HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION Freedom from harm will be assured by the giving of pain medication promptly after the therapeutic touch treatment. The nurse will respond within five minutes with the therapeutic touch treatment that will last five minutes. If the patient still requests pain medication after the therapeutic touch reatment, it will be administered. If at any time the patient cannot wait for the narcotic analgesic until after the therapeutic touch treatment, it shall be administered. This will effectively remove the subject from this study. The subjects will have the benefits of this study explained to them before participating in it. The risks are minimal as all that will be introduced is the therapeutic touch treatment. The use of narcotic analgesia will still be an option for the patient and will not be withheld if asked for before the therapeutic touch treatment is over. The benefit of this study will e enhanced knowledge for the use of pain management without or in conjunction with pharmacological measures in the post-operative period. The subjects will have the right to decide to join the study voluntarily. There will be no penalties or prejudicial treatment for not joining the study or for leaving the study at any time before it is over. The subjects will have full knowledge of the study to be performed and will have to sign a consent from which will include the following: *The fact that the data provided by or obtained from the subjects will be used in a scientific study *The purpose of the study The type of data to be collected *The nature and extent of the subjects time commitment *The procedures to be followed in collecting the research data *How subjects came to be selected *Potential physical or emotional discomforts or side effects *If injury is possible, an explanation of any medical treatments that might be available *Potential benefits to subjects (including whether or not a stipend is being offered) and potential benefits to others *A description of the voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty *A pledge that the subjects privacy will at all times be protected The names of people to contact for information or complaints about the study. (Polit and Hungler 1993) SUMMARY The use of therapeutic touch treatment in a clinical setting is a growing trend all over the world today. Therapeutic touch was derived from many ancient healing arts. In its contemporary form, therapeutic touch was developed by Dolores Krieger, Ph. D. , RN. , and her mentor, Dora Kinz, in the early 1970s. Research has shown that therapeutic touch is effective in promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety; changing the patients perception of pain; and in restoring the bodys natural processes. The importance of therapeutic touch to nursing is tremendous. Nurses must use a holistic approach to healing. The only way to succeed with this is by using all the tools that can be used. Therapeutic touch is being supported and taught in many nursing schools in Canada. It is put into practice in a wide range of settings from nursing homes to stress reduction of the nursing staff themselves to reduce burnout. Research indicates that therapeutic touch does produce significant levels of effective healing. The continued research in therapeutic touch and its use is essential.